ince the early ‘50s, American families have gathered around television sets to watch programs that varied from news to entertainment to sports. From an early age, children are exposed to different viewpoints that display American lifestyles and values. Television, in particular, is a central conveyer belt that delivers messages straight from broadcast stations directly into the mouths of those watching. Shows such as Leave It to Beaver, I Love Lucy, and The Andy Griffith Show reinforced dominant ideologies of what an American family looks like and the roles each individual play. Fathers are the breadwinners who provide so that their wives do not have to work. Wives, as a result, can focus on home tasks such as cleaning and cooking. Families represented were almost exclusively white and heterosexual.

          Billy Crystal played a groundbreaking role in the 1977 television series, Soap. Crystal played Jodie Dallas, a gay man who was one of the first gay dads portrayed on television. Television has come a long way in terms of queer representation with shows such as Will and Grace, Queer as Folk, and Modern Family. Programs have slowly begun to challenge hegemonic ideals of what a family or a relationship should look like. However, despite the push for inclusion, television has still found ways to set a distinction between heterosexual and homosexual intimacy.

          Alfred L. Martin, Jr. did research on how television portrays same-sex intimacy. He argued that, “although no formal censorship system exists related to same-sex kisses in television, the ways camera angles and spatial relationships between gay characters are used suggests an industrial self-policing that aims to follow an unspoken code regarding homosexuality and its relationship to decency and decorum.” Networks have systematically discriminated against same-sex relationships for decades, despite the increase in gay male character representation. Martin ends his analysis by asserting that gay representation is conditional and that while gay characters are acceptable, intimacy is not. He believes the way to examine a network’s true feelings toward same-sex representation is through the kiss.

          Studies have been done on how LGBTQ+ representation in television series has impacted the viewers. One study was done in 2013 on the show Glee, specifically aimed to answer the questions, “How do audiences make sense of Glee’s representations of queer sexuality and how do these representations impact their own sexual identity?” The study yielded mixed responses, some calling the show “entertaining and progressive” and others calling it “a girls’ show,” which only interests boys if they are gay. Overall the show was deemed to be successful in opening eyes to subjects such as teen pregnancy and homosexuality. Another recent show to do this was MTV’s 2011 show Teen Wolf. Show creator, Jeff Davis, intentionally created characters who have huge problems to deal with, but not homophobia. In a quote, he said, “I wanted it to be an idealized world -- one where being gay isn't just accepted, it's a part of everyday life."

          Interestingly, it has been said that werewolves serve as a metaphor for homosexuals. They are individuals who live among everyone else but hide parts of their identity. An example of this is seen in J.K. Rowling’s series Harry Potter. Since the series has ended, Rowling has stated that professor, friend, and werewolf, Remus Lupin, serves as a metaphor for the stigma of men with HIV. Werewolves are seen as the lowest class in the wizarding world, similar to the LGBTQ+ community in many societies. Examples such as these further prove that queer representation still has a long way to go.

            This analysis uses a feminist perspective to examine Teen Wolf, how queerness is presented, how the gay characters are portrayed and how they relate to the straight characters. The paper begins with a thorough explanation of the show’s overall plot to contextualize the story arcs of each character. The two main characters and each queer character are described and then further analyzed. Teen Wolf is a credible choice for analysis due to its positive response from audiences and strong fanbase.

          Teen Wolf is an adaptation from a movie of the name featuring Michael J. Fox. The movie was a commercial success, grossing $33 million domestically and $80 million worldwide. The film itself was an adaptation of the 1957 film, I Was a Teenage Werewolf. The original movie was a horror film, its successor a comedy, and finally, the television series was a comedy-drama. The show sustained between 1-2 million viewers for its first five seasons and suffered a drop in views in its final season, gathering an average of about a half million. However, the show received an average of eight million views per episode on MTV’s online platform. Today the fanbase for the show is still strong, with countless fan accounts continuously posting about the characters and actors who played them.

 

Teen Wolf Plotline

          The Teen Wolf television series, which was based on Rod Daniel’s (1985) film of the same name, is set in the fiction town of Beacon Hills, California. It appears to be a normal, American city until it is revealed to be filled with supernatural creatures. The show follows the lives of Scott McCall, Stiles Stilinski, Lydia Martin, and Derek Hale. There are four main settings used throughout the series. The first is Beacon Hills High School, where the main characters attend school. This is where the majority of the action occurs, until the later seasons. The second is Scott McCall’s house. The third is Beacon Hills Memorial Hospital, where Melissa McCall, Scott’s mother, works. The final setting is the Beacon Hills Police Station, where Noah Stilinski, Stiles’ father, works as the sheriff.

          The majority of season 1 revolves around Scott and Stiles learning how to train Scott to control his new werewolf abilities. He becomes the new target of a family of werewolf hunters and must entrust in unlikely allies to stay safe. Lydia is bitten by a werewolf. In season 2 Scott tries to protect Beacon Hills as another werewolf, Derek Hale, is biting high school students to build a new pack, and a mysterious creature is paralyzing and killing people. The creature is revealed to be main character Jackson Whittemore, who is under the direct control of a man seeking revenge. The victims of the attacks were involved in the accident that led to the man drowning. The season ends with Scott transitioning from a beta to an alpha.

          Season 3 starts with a pack full of alphas learning of Scott’s new status. The alpha pack kidnaps and kills Derek’s pack. Simultaneously, victims of attacks are being killed off in threes, depending on specific categories such as virgins, guardians, etc. A new teacher at Beacon Hills High is revealed to be behind the attacks. The latter half of season 3 consists of the team struggling to save Stiles who has been possessed by an evil spirit. Scott tries to deal with heavy losses in season 4 while also fighting Kate Argent, Allison’s aunt who was believed to have died in season 1. Scott accidentally bites underclassman, Liam Dunbar, turning him into a werewolf.

          Season 5 takes a dark turn as the show begins to blur the lines between science and the supernatural. Men called the Dread Doctors are turning teenagers into supernatural creatures. The suspicious return of a childhood friend, Theo Raeken, drives a wedge between Scott and Stiles. Theo eventually betrays Scott and builds a pack from the Dread Doctors’ failed experiments. The final season proves to be the toughest battle for Scott. Ghost Riders have arrived in Beacon Hills and are erasing individuals from existence. Scott endures a fatal blow when Stiles is erased and is forgotten from everyone’s memories, including his. The characters notice a big hole in their lives and struggle to regain their memories of Stiles. Scott successfully brings back everyone and reunites with Stiles. The end of the season shows Scott fighting a creature he accidentally released, which instills fear into everyone in Beacon Hills. He is forced to fight for his life as he watches everyone around him turn against him.

 

Teen Wolf Character Description

          The main characters in Teen Wolf are all shown to be heterosexual, or at least only shown dating individuals of the opposite sex. However, there are other characters throughout the show who are shown to be in relationships with characters of the same sex. The descriptions will begin with the main protagonists, Scott McCall and Stiles Stilinski. The ones following will be described in terms of how their relationships are displayed and how they contribute to helping Scott and the overall plot.

 

Scott McCall

          Scott is the main protagonist in the series. He is bitten and becomes a werewolf in the first episode and learns how to be a hero and a leader. Scott is portrayed as kind, thoughtful, resourceful, and forgiving. Those watching feel compelled to root for Scott as he strives to keep his loved ones safe while trying to keep his hands clean. Scott takes every measure possible to avoid killing and believes his enemies can be redeemed.

          Scott is shown having multiple relationships throughout the series. In the first episode, he meets the new girl in school Allison Argent, who becomes his girlfriend for the first two seasons. Their relationship is explored extensively as it learned that Allison comes from a family of werewolf hunters. They end their relationship at the end of season 2 due to Allison feeling guilty for betraying Scott. Allison is killed at the end of season 3, sending Scott into a spiral.

          In season four, Scott meets Kira Yukimura, who is also new to the school. After stumbling through awkward interactions, the two begin a relationship that lasts through the end of season 5. Unlike Allison, Kira is a supernatural creature who is battling with a spirit inside of her. Kira and Scott struggle to stay together while she fights the spirit. Eventually, Kira is forced to leave so she can be with people who will train her how to control the spirit.

          Scott’s final relationship is with Malia Tate, who was also introduced in season 4. Malia is a werewolf who got in a car accident at a young age and became stuck in her wolf stage. After learning that the wolf is a human girl, Scott helps her transform back. Malia struggles to assimilate into high school and begins tutoring with Stiles and they start a relationship. Once Malia discovers Stiles lied to her about who her father was, they end their relationship. In the final season, Scott and Malia find themselves alone as Stiles has left to go to college. As the two fight together to overcome a new group of hunters, they develop a chemistry and enter into a relationship. They are still together as of the series finale.

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Stiles Stilinski

          Stiles is Scott’s best friend. He remains human for the majority of the series but is still part of Scott’s pack. Stiles is seen as smart, goofy, and loyal.

          Stiles reveals in the first season that he has had a crush on Lydia Martin for years and spends the whole season trying to get closer to her. After Lydia is bitten by a werewolf, he helps her figure out her new psychic abilities as they learn she is a banshee. The two form a close friendship as they often rely on each other in times of struggle. In season 6, Stiles discovers that he is fading from everyone’s memories and finds Lydia. Just before he disappears, he tells her to remember him and that he loves her. Lydia is shown to be physically distraught while unable to remember Stiles. She knows that someone is missing and that she loves him. When the two are reunited, Lydia quickly tells Stiles that she loves him and they kiss.

Stiles is also seen having a complicated relationship with Derek Hale. Stiles is initially skeptical of Derek’s intentions, but comes around and sees him as an ally. They are often seen going on missions together to help Scott. In season two Stiles saves Derek, who has been temporarily paralyzed, by keeping him afloat in a pool. Due to his past, Derek has a difficult time connecting with others, but Stiles is shown to grow close with him. At the end of the series, Stiles finds and brings Derek back to Beacon Hills to aid Scott in his fight against the hunters.

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Danny Māhealani

          Danny is the first gay character introduced on the show. He is not given much of a plotline other than he plays on the lacrosse team with Scott and Stiles. Danny is best friends with Jackson, one of the antagonists of season 1. He is portrayed as nice but snarky, having minimal dialogue throughout the series.

          In season 3 Danny begins a relationship with Ethan. The two are not seen together very often, however they are the only queer couple to be seen in a sexual setting. Danny’s friendship with Scott helps to persuade Ethan to join his pack. Their relationship is ended in the season finale, with Danny revealing he knew that Ethan was a werewolf. Danny is not seen after this.

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Ethan

          Ethan enters the show as an antagonist in season 3. He and his brother Aiden enroll at Beacon Hills High but only to get closer to Scott and intimidate him. 

          While on his mission to get Scott to join his alpha pack, Ethan meets Danny and inadvertently falls in love with him. Ethan becomes unwilling to follow the pack’s orders and joins forces with Scott to defeat the spirit that had possessed Stiles. He leaves the show after Aiden is killed. He returns at the end of the final season, revealed to be dating Jackson Whittemore.

 

Mason Hewitt

          Mason is introduced in season 4. He is best friends with main character Liam Dunbar. Mason’s character and role in the show are very similar to Stiles’. He is not a supernatural creature and acts as support to the rest of the team. Like Stiles, Mason is very smart and comes up with plans and solutions.

          Mason is seen eying other boys from the beginning of his arrival on the show. In one episode, Liam gets Mason to leave him alone by reminding him that the boys’ soccer team practice has started and they probably practice shirtless. Mason starts a relationship with Corey Bryant after helping Corey learn to control his new abilities. Like Ethan and Mason, the two are not seen together very often.

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Corey Bryant

Corey is introduced in season 5. He is seen to be very independent, initially having little interest in Scott’s pack.

Corey is first seen when he is admitted into the hospital for a scorpion bite. He was originally dating Lucas, who was a hybrid of a werewolf and a scorpion. Lucas was killed after attacking people at a nightclub. Corey joins Theo’s pack, which disturbs Mason, who doesn’t want to date one of the bad guys. Corey becomes very protective of Mason, going as far to hide him after it is discovered he is possessed by a murderous creature.

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Jackson Whittemore

Jackson is a main character for the first two seasons. Jackson is seen as rude, selfish, and bitter.

Jackson is dating Lydia Martin for the first season. When he learns that Scott has gained an unfair advantage in lacrosse, he becomes obsessed with becoming a werewolf. After being bitten by Derek, Jackson accidentally becomes a kanima, a lizard-like mutation of a werewolf. He is revealed to be controlled by another high school student. Jackson learns how to control his abilities and moves to London. In season 6, Jackson and Ethan are shown to be living together in London. The two return to Beacon Hills to help Scott.

 

Teen Wolf Character Analysis

Despite the show’s push to be more inclusive with non-heterosexual characters, the dominant ideology of heteronormativity prevails. The main characters are all straight with the queer characters being part of the supporting cast. Heterosexual relationships are given dynamic story arcs and depth while the gay relationships fall a bit flat. Romantic feelings between main male characters are hinted at but then not followed through. This analysis will go deeper into the relationships of Scott and Stiles and then those of the queer characters.

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Scott McCall

            Scott is the main protagonist of the series and thus receives the most screen time of all the characters. Throughout the series, Scott is seen having sex with each of his romantic partners. The majority of the first season involves Scott lamenting over Allison in the midst of his fight to control his werewolf abilities. His love for Allison turns out to be what is considered his ‘anchor,’ or object that prevents him from unintentionally transitioning. Scott and Allison find themselves in a predicament in season 2 as they must hide their relationship from Allison’s family. Even in season 3, with the two broken up Scott is hung-up on Allison who has begun a relationship with a new character. Allison even dies in Scott’s arms, claiming that it is perfect that she dies in the arms of her first love. Her impact on Scott is carried throughout the series, as she is continuously mentioned after her death. She even saves Scott’s life posthumously as an ancestor of Allison attacks Scott and incidentally sees Allison in Scott’s memories, who looks just like the attacker’s sister.

            The developing relationship with Scott and Kira is somewhat less dramatic. There is less conflict keeping the two apart as Scott has become fully capable in his abilities. Scott and Kira’s relationship covers important milestones such as their first kiss and first time saying ‘I love you’ to each other. When Kira begins to struggle with the spirit inside her, Scott takes extreme measures to keep her safe. Kira’s exit from the show was anticlimactic, with her announcing she had to leave with little substantial explanation. She is only referenced once after her departure and Scott is not shown to be very affected.

            Scott’s final relationship with Malia felt almost forced. Malia was in a relationship with Stiles in season 4 and there were hardly any romantic interactions with her and Scott after she broke up with Stiles. In season 6 the two work a lot more closely as the pack has scattered. The two share an intense near-death experience and later reveal their feelings for another. There is no concern shown from Scott that he is dating his best friend’s ex and the rest of the cast accepts their relationship without question. Ultimately, Scott’s relationships are portrayed to have much more at stake, with trials and tribulations, but only ending under extreme circumstances. The queer relationships are seen to be either perfect or expendable.

 

Stiles Stilinski

            Stiles is a main character for seasons 1-5. During his run on the show, he is not given many romantic partners. Stiles intends to have sex with one of his childhood friends in the season 3 premiere but she is kidnapped and later killed. His relationship with Malia in season 4 is significant as he notes that she’s the first person he had sex with. However, Stiles’ main romantic arc is with Lydia. After his departure as a main character in season 6, he and Lydia are suggested to be together despite their physical distance. Even in his return in the series finale, there is little interaction between the two characters other than them seen holding hands.

            One of the biggest critiques of the show has to do with Stiles’ character and the show’s use of queerbaiting. A running joke in season 1 has Stiles obsessed with his attractiveness with gay guys and he even asks Danny if he thinks he’s attractive. His relationship with Derek throughout the series suggested romantic feelings between the two, although that relationship was never explored. When asked if Stiles was going to be canonically written as bisexual, Jeff Davis responded, “If it’s right for the story, maybe.” Stiles is evidently one of the only characters to display slight biphobia. After being kissed by a girl who was dating another girl, Stiles confronts her and is stunned when she tells him she likes girls and boys. Similarly, Stiles is speechless after he finds out that Jackson is dating Ethan.

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Danny Māhealani

          Danny is treated as the token gay character throughout his run. He is the only gay character in the series until season 3 and does not play much of a role until Ethan is introduced. Additionally, Danny’s character proves that the world is not void of homophobia. In season 1, Scott is banned from attending the dance and decides to sneak in to be with Allison. When caught by a school teacher, Scott grabs Danny and dances with him. The teacher approaches them, stating that Scott is in trouble until he sees the two dancing. Appearing to be punishing Scott for dancing with Danny, the teacher backs away, telling them they can continue. This scene itself displays that them dancing together is inherently controversial.

Danny’s relationship with Ethan is mostly one-dimensional. While the two are seen together often, their relationship appears to be mostly behind closed doors. Little affection is shown between them, with one kiss shown being a way for Ethan to distract Danny from walking into a trap in the woods. They are given one explicit romantic scene in the series as they share a bed in a motel room. This plays off as an attempt for equal representation but reads as pandering to the queer community with a half-developed relationship.

Ethan

            Ethan is revealed to be gay early on. Lydia states that she wants to date one of the twins and clarifies she wants the straight one, as she watches Ethan make eyes with another boy. Ethan meets Danny and pursues him romantically, despite the disapproval of his brother. Aiden repetitively tells Danny that they have a mission and Danny is a distraction. Ethan’s feelings for Danny are used as a plot device to convert him from Scott’s enemy to a friend. Unlike Scott’s relationships, there are seldom gratuitous romantic scenes that do not contribute to the overall plot.

Mason Hewitt

          Mason’s arrival on the show was one of the most organic introductions of a queer character. Being Liam’s best friend, he had a direct interest in helping the pack as Liam became Scott’s beta. However, like the other characters, the show made a point of showing Mason’s attraction to men. The show presents the queer male gaze in a celebrated, accepting way, albeit being showcased far more than the straight male gaze. The male gay characters, specifically Mason and Danny, are shown lusting over men based on physical appearance, versus the male straight characters who are seen to be in love (Scott with Allison, Stiles with Lydia, Liam with Hayden). This trend reinforces the stereotype that queer relationships are intrinsically sexual or deviant.

          The trend is broken after Mason meets Corey in season 5.  Although, the two are not given much time together on camera. Like with Danny and Ethan, the two are only seen together when it serves the plot, not showing them having intimate moments other than when they are doing something for Scott and the rest of the plot. Mason is not given much superfluous screen time with or without Corey. No information is given about his background or family.

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Corey Bryant

            Corey is depicted as being timid and scared, due to his dysfunctional family. He is reluctant to join Scott’s pack but eventually agrees at the urging of Mason. He later joins Theo’s pack which creates a rift in his relationship with Mason. Corey is not on the show very much, making little appearances every few episodes. He does not develop a stable relationship with Scott and struggles to get along with the other characters.

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Jackson Whittemore

            Jackson’s queer identity is perhaps the most interesting out of all of the other characters. He is the only character to not be ‘out’ from the get-go and could be considered to be ‘in the closet.’ Jackson displays a hypermasculine attitude in the first two seasons, constantly intimidating Scott and treating Lydia rather poorly. He demonstrates no concern for Lydia after her attack, as he is completely fixated on attaining werewolf abilities. Jackson very subtly hints at his bisexuality in the first season. After Danny informs him that he is not his type, Jackson aggressively pins him against a locker and says, “I’m everyone’s type.”

            The audience is not given a clear explanation as to how Jackson and Ethan end up together. The two are shown living in London, celebrating their one-year anniversary. Jackson is still portrayed as aggressive as he fights two people who break into their apartment, however is shown to have been tamed down by Ethan. As the two make a reappearance at Beacon Hills High, Jackson is seen checking out two students, one a girl and the other a boy. This suggests further that Jackson is bisexual, even though it is not explicitly stated. Later when Lydia finds out Jackson is now with Ethan, she takes a pause before saying, “I thought you’d never figure it out.” This line is ambiguous, not defining what ‘it’ is.

            A major problem with the portrayal of Jackson’s character is that it plays into the social issue of bi-erasure. This is a phenomenon that involves the ignoring, falsifying, or re-explaining of bisexuality. In modern culture it is often seen with the oversimplification that bi men are gay and bi women are straight. Lydia’s comment implies that Jackson was hiding being gay by using Lydia as his beard. While the show made it evident that Jackson likes men and women, it fails to make it clear that other characters acknowledge this. Once again, the example with Stiles and the girl shows that this idealized world understands homosexuality, but not bisexuality. A third example is when the characters are at a gay club and are surprised to see a classmate named Brett kissing a girl and then moments later kissing a boy.

 

Evaluation

            After a thorough analysis of the show’s themes and character, it is clear Teen Wolf falls into common storytelling tropes despite its attempt to create an alternative world to our own. Jeff Davis and the show’s writers took a stab at telling a story that allowed straight and gay characters to have equal opportunity to express themselves and be accepted by those around them. However, it has become apparent that seeing gay characters embrace the same way straight characters is not enough.

            The show does an adequate job at giving the characters equality but should have worked harder to give them equity. Sure, gay characters kiss their significant others just as straight couples do, but audiences know that. What they do not know is the feelings involved in coming out, the fear, confusion, and anger. By claiming the world was void of homophobia, the writers could portray queer relationships anyway they wanted and say it demonstrates equality. Unlike various examples of the past, Teen Wolf did break television standards by featuring intimacy while avoiding strategic framing and camera tricks. The issue, like many other shows, lies in the show’s choice to display enough change to make it appear as progressive.

Additionally, queerness was represented as being less relevant than straightness. Queer relationships were explored significantly less than the straight relationships and given less complexity. The queer characters were intentionally the supporting cast, distancing queerness from what is considered the norm. The gay relationships were not prominently featured throughout the show unless it somehow directly related to the plot. Intimate scenes were few and far between. The scenes that were shown focused around the characters passionately embracing after escaping danger or as a way to distract the other. The straight characters were allocated separate, more private intimate scenes, in their rooms, on their own time.

Another troubling aspect of the show is its tendency to lean towards queerbaiting, resisting to let main characters stay from the norm. Contrasting with Scott, Stiles was not constantly seen in a relationship. He had a short relationship with Malia and ongoing tension with Lydia, but there was virtually nothing keeping Stiles from a same-sex relationship. The positioning of his character and the writing heavily suggested that Stiles was also into men, Derek especially. The show deliberately created a distinction between heterosexuality and homosexuality and poorly framed the possibility of other sexualities. Characters such as Jackson and the one girl that Stiles was with briefly were treated with cruel ignorance. The type of ignorance that the show claimed to be fighting against.

          With all the controversy concerning Teen Wolf and its portrayal of queerness, there is little to no criticism for the show’s lack of queer women. Four out of five of the show’s main women are romantically involved with Scott. Jeff Davis publicly stated that he was interested in introducing a lesbian werewolf, but this never happened. Of the two queer women portrayed on the show, one of them was murdered, suggesting it was due to her sexual promiscuity. The show featured five prominent gay men but failed to fit in one well-developed queer woman. This plays into the common trope that gay men are taken seriously whereas lesbianism is merely a fetish for straight men. Television as a medium has generally lacked in queer women representation and Teen Wolf was no exception.

          Ultimately the show reinforces the stereotype that queerness is sexual or deviant. Throughout season 4 Mason is seen eyeing boys and making lustful comments. Character development with the queer relationships is poor, insinuating that there is little to their relationships other than sexual gratification. Mason and Corey do not get shown going on dates, but they are shown making out. Danny and Ethan are not shown getting to know each other, but they are given a sex scene. Danny was not given much screen time at all unless he was seen with someone or he has his shirt off.

The overall importance of this analysis is that media is a main source of where we get our values and it is important to receive accurate portrayals to avoid the perpetuation of stereotypes. Shows from the past, like Teen Wolf, become a stepping stone for writers to look at and model new shows after. Nonetheless, they should be critical of past examples and strive to learn from past mistakes. Displaying acceptance is simply not enough. Television needs to work toward more truthful portrayals with equal screen time. Teen Wolf appears to have bit off more than it could chew, introducing more characters than it had time for, resulting in incomplete storylines. The show made great strides in diversity and representation but fell short in many areas. Future show creators should use this as a lesson on how to construct satisfying, inclusive, and progressive storylines and characters.

 

References

Elliott, Jaquelin, and Megan Fowler. “‘Smile, Derek. Why Don’t You Smile More?’: The Objectification of Derek Hale and Queerbaiting in MTV’s Teen Wolf.” Journal of Fandom Studies, vol. 6, no. 2, June 2018, pp. 145–166.

Lincoln, Ross A. “MTV's 'Teen Wolf' Renewed For Season 6 – Comic Con.” Deadline, 10 July 2015, deadline.com/2015/07/teen-wolf-renewed-for-season-6-1201473159/.

Martin, Alfred L. “It’s (Not) in His Kiss: Gay Kisses and Camera Angles in Contemporary US Network Television Comedy.” Popular Communication, vol. 12, no. 3, July 2014, pp. 153–165.

Meyer, Michaela, and Megan Wood. “Sexuality and Teen Television: Emerging Adults Respond to Representations of Queer Identity on Glee.” Sexuality & Culture, vol. 17, no. 3, Sept. 2013, pp. 434–448.

Peeples, Jase. “Hungry Like the Wolf.” Advocate, no. 1070, Dec. 2013, p. 20.

Rowling, J. K. Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism, Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies. Pottermore, 2016.